See chłop on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for chłop meaning in All languages combined (20.7kB)
{ "etymology_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "Inherited" }, "expansion": "Inherited", "name": "glossary" }, { "args": { "1": "csb", "2": "sla-pro", "3": "*xolpъ", "4": "", "5": "", "g": "", "g2": "", "g3": "", "id": "", "lit": "", "nocat": "", "pos": "", "sc": "", "sort": "", "tr": "", "ts": "" }, "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *xolpъ", "name": "inh" }, { "args": { "1": "csb", "2": "sla-pro", "3": "*xolpъ" }, "expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *xolpъ", "name": "inh+" } ], "etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *xolpъ.", "forms": [ { "form": "chłopik", "tags": [ "diminutive" ] }, { "form": "chłopina", "tags": [ "diminutive" ] }, { "form": "chłopiszcze", "tags": [ "augmentative" ] }, { "form": "chłopsczi", "tags": [ "adjective" ] }, { "form": "no-table-tags", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "table-tags" ] }, { "form": "csb-decl-noun", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "inflection-template" ] }, { "form": "chłop", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "nominative", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chłopi", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "nominative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chłopë", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "nominative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chłopa", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "genitive", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chłopów", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "genitive", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chłopù", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "dative", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chłopòwi", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "dative", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chłopóm", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "dative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chłopa", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "accusative", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chłopów", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "accusative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chłopã", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "instrumental", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chłopama", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "instrumental", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chłopie", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "locative", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chłopach", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "locative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chłopie", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "singular", "vocative" ] }, { "form": "chłopi", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "plural", "vocative" ] }, { "form": "chłopë", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "plural", "vocative" ] } ], "head_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "m-pr", "adj": "chłopsczi", "aug": "chłopiszcze", "dim": "chłopik", "dim2": "chłopina" }, "expansion": "chłop m pers (diminutive chłopik or chłopina, augmentative chłopiszcze, related adjective chłopsczi)", "name": "csb-noun" } ], "hyphenation": [ "chłop" ], "inflection_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "chłop", "10": "chłopóm", "11": "chłopów", "12": "chłopama", "13": "chłopach", "14": "chłopi/chłopë", "2": "chłopa", "3": "chłopù/chłopòwi", "4": "chłopa", "5": "chłopã", "6": "chłopie", "7": "chłopie", "8": "chłopi/chłopë", "9": "chłopów" }, "name": "csb-decl-noun" } ], "lang": "Kashubian", "lang_code": "csb", "pos": "noun", "senses": [ { "categories": [ { "_dis": "72 28", "kind": "other", "name": "Kashubian entries with incorrect language header", "parents": [ "Entries with incorrect language header", "Entry maintenance" ], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "99 1", "kind": "topical", "langcode": "csb", "name": "Male people", "orig": "csb:Male people", "parents": [ "Male", "People", "Gender", "Human", "Biology", "Psychology", "Sociology", "All topics", "Sciences", "Social sciences", "Fundamental", "Society" ], "source": "w+disamb" } ], "glosses": [ "man (male human)" ], "id": "en-chłop-csb-noun-kXSwYybS", "links": [ [ "man", "man" ] ], "synonyms": [ { "word": "mąż" } ], "tags": [ "masculine", "person" ] }, { "glosses": [ "husband" ], "id": "en-chłop-csb-noun-n-6PiLk6", "links": [ [ "husband", "husband" ] ], "synonyms": [ { "word": "mąż" } ], "tags": [ "masculine", "person" ] } ], "sounds": [ { "ipa": "/ˈxwɔp/" } ], "word": "chłop" } { "derived": [ { "_dis1": "0 0 0", "word": "chłopsiec" } ], "etymology_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "zlw-mas", "2": "sla-pro", "inh": "1" }, "expansion": "", "name": "dercat" }, { "args": { "1": "Inherited" }, "expansion": "Inherited", "name": "glossary" }, { "args": { "1": "zlw-mas", "2": "zlw-opl", "3": "chłop", "4": "", "5": "", "g": "", "g2": "", "g3": "", "id": "", "lit": "", "nocat": "", "pos": "", "sc": "", "sort": "", "tr": "", "ts": "" }, "expansion": "Old Polish chłop", "name": "inh" }, { "args": { "1": "zlw-mas", "2": "zlw-opl", "3": "chłop" }, "expansion": "Inherited from Old Polish chłop", "name": "inh+" } ], "etymology_text": "Inherited from Old Polish chłop.", "head_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "m-pr" }, "expansion": "chłop m pers", "name": "zlw-mas-noun" } ], "hyphenation": [ "chłop" ], "lang": "Masurian", "lang_code": "zlw-mas", "pos": "noun", "senses": [ { "glosses": [ "man (male human)" ], "id": "en-chłop-zlw-mas-noun-kXSwYybS", "links": [ [ "man", "man" ] ], "synonyms": [ { "word": "mónz" } ], "tags": [ "masculine", "person" ] }, { "glosses": [ "husband (married male partner)" ], "id": "en-chłop-zlw-mas-noun-CXcWKMM9", "links": [ [ "husband", "husband" ] ], "synonyms": [ { "word": "mónz" } ], "tags": [ "masculine", "person" ] }, { "categories": [ { "_dis": "8 31 61", "kind": "other", "name": "Masurian entries with incorrect language header", "parents": [ "Entries with incorrect language header", "Entry maintenance" ], "source": "w+disamb" } ], "glosses": [ "farmer; villager" ], "id": "en-chłop-zlw-mas-noun-FoIkORIJ", "links": [ [ "farmer", "farmer" ], [ "villager", "villager" ] ], "qualifier": "sometimes collecetive", "raw_glosses": [ "(sometimes collecetive) farmer; villager" ], "tags": [ "masculine", "person" ] } ], "sounds": [ { "ipa": "[ˈxwɔp]" } ], "word": "chłop" } { "derived": [ { "_dis1": "0 0", "word": "chłopiec" }, { "_dis1": "0 0", "word": "chłopię" }, { "_dis1": "0 0", "word": "chłopowic" } ], "descendants": [ { "depth": 1, "templates": [ { "args": { "1": "zlw-mas", "2": "chłop" }, "expansion": "Masurian: chłop", "name": "desc" } ], "text": "Masurian: chłop" }, { "depth": 1, "templates": [ { "args": { "1": "pl", "2": "chłop" }, "expansion": "Polish: chłop", "name": "desc" } ], "text": "Polish: chłop" }, { "depth": 1, "templates": [ { "args": { "1": "szl", "2": "chop", "alts": "1" }, "expansion": "Silesian: chop, chłop", "name": "desc" } ], "text": "Silesian: chop, chłop" } ], "etymology_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "Inherited" }, "expansion": "Inherited", "name": "glossary" }, { "args": { "1": "zlw-opl", "2": "sla-pro", "3": "*xolpъ", "4": "", "5": "", "g": "", "g2": "", "g3": "", "id": "", "lit": "", "nocat": "", "pos": "", "sc": "", "sort": "", "tr": "", "ts": "" }, "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *xolpъ", "name": "inh" }, { "args": { "1": "zlw-opl", "2": "sla-pro", "3": "*xolpъ" }, "expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *xolpъ", "name": "inh+" }, { "args": { "1": "14th century" }, "expansion": "the 14th century", "name": "etydate/the" }, { "args": { "1": "14th century" }, "expansion": "First attested in the 14th century.", "name": "etydate" } ], "etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *xolpъ. First attested in the 14th century.", "forms": [ { "form": "chłop m animacy unattested", "tags": [ "canonical" ] }, { "form": "chłopi", "tags": [ "adjective" ] } ], "head_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "m-an!", "adj": "chłopi" }, "expansion": "chłop m animacy unattested (related adjective chłopi)", "name": "zlw-opl-noun" } ], "lang": "Old Polish", "lang_code": "zlw-opl", "pos": "noun", "senses": [ { "categories": [ { "_dis": "87 13", "kind": "other", "name": "Old Polish entries with incorrect language header", "parents": [ "Entries with incorrect language header", "Entry maintenance" ], "source": "w+disamb" } ], "glosses": [ "peasant" ], "id": "en-chłop-zlw-opl-noun-dXmC13c4", "links": [ [ "derogatory", "derogatory" ], [ "peasant", "peasant" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(sometimes derogatory) peasant" ], "tags": [ "derogatory", "sometimes" ] }, { "glosses": [ "man (male human)" ], "id": "en-chłop-zlw-opl-noun-kXSwYybS", "links": [ [ "man", "man" ] ], "synonyms": [ { "word": "mężczyzna" } ] } ], "sounds": [ { "ipa": "/xɫɔp/", "note": "10ᵗʰ–15ᵗʰ CE" }, { "ipa": "/xɫɔp/", "note": "15ᵗʰ CE" } ], "word": "chłop" } { "derived": [ { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "chłop w chłopa" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "chłopaczy" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "chłopi" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "chłopski" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "baba-chłop" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "chłop jak dąb" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "chłopak" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "chłopeusz" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "chłopianka" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "chłopiec" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "chłopię" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "chłopijasz" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "chłopina" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "chłopisko" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "chłopokoń" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "chłopomania" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "chłoporobotnik" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "chłopowina" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "chłopstwo" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "chłoptaś" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "chłoptyś" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "chłopyś" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "swój chłop" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "gówno chłopu, nie zegarek" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "tags": [ "imperfective" ], "word": "chłopieć" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "tags": [ "perfective" ], "word": "schłopieć" } ], "etymology_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "pl", "2": "sla-pro", "inh": "1" }, "expansion": "", "name": "dercat" }, { "args": { "1": "Inherited" }, "expansion": "Inherited", "name": "glossary" }, { "args": { "1": "pl", "2": "zlw-opl", "3": "chłop", "4": "", "5": "", "g": "", "g2": "", "g3": "", "id": "", "lit": "", "nocat": "", "pos": "", "sc": "", "sort": "", "tr": "", "ts": "" }, "expansion": "Old Polish chłop", "name": "inh" }, { "args": { "1": "pl", "2": "zlw-opl", "3": "chłop" }, "expansion": "Inherited from Old Polish chłop", "name": "inh+" } ], "etymology_text": "Inherited from Old Polish chłop.", "forms": [ { "form": "chłopka", "tags": [ "feminine" ] }, { "form": "chłopek", "tags": [ "diminutive" ] }, { "form": "chłopski", "tags": [ "adjective" ] }, { "form": "no-table-tags", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "table-tags" ] }, { "form": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "inflection-template" ] }, { "form": "chłop", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "nominative", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chłopi", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "nominative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chłopy", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "derogatory", "nominative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chłopa", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "genitive", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chłopów", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "genitive", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chłopu", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "dative", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chłopom", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "dative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chłopa", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "accusative", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chłopów", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "accusative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chłopem", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "instrumental", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chłopami", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "instrumental", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chłopie", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "locative", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chłopach", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "locative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chłopie", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "singular", "vocative" ] }, { "form": "chłopi", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "plural", "vocative" ] } ], "head_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "m-pr", "adj": "chłopski", "dim": "chłopek", "f": "chłopka" }, "expansion": "chłop m pers (female equivalent chłopka, diminutive chłopek, related adjective chłopski)", "name": "pl-noun" } ], "hyphenation": [ "chłop" ], "inflection_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "chło", "2": "p", "dats": "chłopu" }, "name": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr" } ], "lang": "Polish", "lang_code": "pl", "pos": "noun", "related": [ { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "antychłopski" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "chłopacki" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "chłopaczkowaty" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "chłopcowaty" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "chłopczykowaty" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "chłopczyński" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "chłopięcy" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "chłopomański" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "chłoporobotniczy" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "chłopczykowo" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", "word": "chłopięco" } ], "senses": [ { "categories": [ { "_dis": "25 1 9 13 3 1 5 12 23 8", "kind": "other", "name": "Polish links with manual fragments", "parents": [ "Links with manual fragments", "Entry maintenance" ], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "29 2 11 9 4 2 3 12 21 8", "kind": "topical", "langcode": "pl", "name": "Agriculture", "orig": "pl:Agriculture", "parents": [ "Applied sciences", "Sciences", "All topics", "Fundamental" ], "source": "w+disamb" } ], "glosses": [ "farmer" ], "id": "en-chłop-pl-noun-Ub9VAqcQ", "links": [ [ "farmer", "farmer" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(colloquial) farmer" ], "synonyms": [ { "word": "rolnik" } ], "tags": [ "colloquial", "masculine", "person" ] }, { "categories": [], "glosses": [ "guy, man" ], "id": "en-chłop-pl-noun-pl:man", "links": [ [ "guy", "guy" ], [ "man", "man" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(colloquial) guy, man" ], "senseid": [ "pl:man" ], "tags": [ "colloquial", "masculine", "person" ] }, { "categories": [ { "_dis": "10 2 26 10 0 0 16 7 26 3", "kind": "topical", "langcode": "pl", "name": "Male people", "orig": "pl:Male people", "parents": [ "Male", "People", "Gender", "Human", "Biology", "Psychology", "Sociology", "All topics", "Sciences", "Social sciences", "Fundamental", "Society" ], "source": "w+disamb" } ], "glosses": [ "boyfriend (longterm romantic partner)" ], "id": "en-chłop-pl-noun-Qx-Kwvbl", "links": [ [ "boyfriend", "boyfriend" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(colloquial) boyfriend (longterm romantic partner)" ], "tags": [ "colloquial", "masculine", "person" ] }, { "categories": [ { "_dis": "25 1 9 13 3 1 5 12 23 8", "kind": "other", "name": "Polish links with manual fragments", "parents": [ "Links with manual fragments", "Entry maintenance" ], "source": "w+disamb" } ], "glosses": [ "peasant" ], "id": "en-chłop-pl-noun-dXmC13c4", "links": [ [ "peasant", "peasant" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(historical) peasant" ], "synonyms": [ { "word": "włościanin" } ], "tags": [ "historical", "masculine", "person" ] }, { "categories": [], "glosses": [ "simpleton" ], "id": "en-chłop-pl-noun-UWQXWFi5", "links": [ [ "simpleton", "simpleton" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(obsolete) simpleton" ], "synonyms": [ { "word": "cham" }, { "word": "prostak" } ], "tags": [ "masculine", "obsolete", "person" ] }, { "categories": [], "glosses": [ "husband" ], "id": "en-chłop-pl-noun-n-6PiLk6", "links": [ [ "husband", "husband" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(obsolete) husband" ], "synonyms": [ { "word": "mąż" } ], "tags": [ "masculine", "obsolete", "person" ] }, { "categories": [ { "_dis": "10 2 26 10 0 0 16 7 26 3", "kind": "topical", "langcode": "pl", "name": "Male people", "orig": "pl:Male people", "parents": [ "Male", "People", "Gender", "Human", "Biology", "Psychology", "Sociology", "All topics", "Sciences", "Social sciences", "Fundamental", "Society" ], "source": "w+disamb" } ], "glosses": [ "attaboy; young gay blade" ], "id": "en-chłop-pl-noun-Nzb6ZHG7", "links": [ [ "attaboy", "attaboy" ], [ "young", "young" ], [ "gay blade", "gay blade" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(obsolete) attaboy; young gay blade" ], "synonyms": [ { "word": "chojrak" }, { "word": "chwat" }, { "word": "junak" }, { "word": "śmiałek" }, { "word": "zuch" } ], "tags": [ "masculine", "obsolete", "person" ] }, { "categories": [ { "kind": "other", "name": "Middle Polish", "parents": [], "source": "w" }, { "kind": "topical", "langcode": "pl", "name": "Heraldry", "orig": "pl:Heraldry", "parents": [ "History", "All topics", "Fundamental" ], "source": "w" }, { "_dis": "25 1 9 13 3 1 5 12 23 8", "kind": "other", "name": "Polish links with manual fragments", "parents": [ "Links with manual fragments", "Entry maintenance" ], "source": "w+disamb" } ], "glosses": [ "man (representation of a man in a coat of arms)" ], "id": "en-chłop-pl-noun-YLRmGpaZ", "links": [ [ "heraldry", "heraldry" ], [ "man", "man" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(Middle Polish, heraldry) man (representation of a man in a coat of arms)" ], "tags": [ "Middle", "Polish", "masculine", "person" ], "topics": [ "government", "heraldry", "hobbies", "lifestyle", "monarchy", "nobility", "politics" ] }, { "categories": [ { "kind": "other", "name": "Middle Polish", "parents": [], "source": "w" }, { "_dis": "12 0 13 10 2 0 4 17 28 12", "kind": "other", "name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header", "parents": [ "Entries with incorrect language header", "Entry maintenance" ], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "25 1 9 13 3 1 5 12 23 8", "kind": "other", "name": "Polish links with manual fragments", "parents": [ "Links with manual fragments", "Entry maintenance" ], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "19 1 9 16 2 1 5 15 25 8", "kind": "other", "name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters", "parents": [ "Links with redundant alt parameters", "Entry maintenance" ], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "19 1 9 16 2 1 5 15 25 8", "kind": "other", "name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks", "parents": [ "Links with redundant wikilinks", "Entry maintenance" ], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "10 2 26 10 0 0 16 7 26 3", "kind": "topical", "langcode": "pl", "name": "Male people", "orig": "pl:Male people", "parents": [ "Male", "People", "Gender", "Human", "Biology", "Psychology", "Sociology", "All topics", "Sciences", "Social sciences", "Fundamental", "Society" ], "source": "w+disamb" } ], "glosses": [ "boy; son (male offspring)" ], "id": "en-chłop-pl-noun-dgFxJd9C", "links": [ [ "boy", "boy" ], [ "son", "son" ] ], "qualifier": "expressive", "raw_glosses": [ "(Middle Polish, expressive) boy; son (male offspring)" ], "synonyms": [ { "word": "chłopiec" }, { "word": "syn" } ], "tags": [ "Middle", "Polish", "masculine", "person" ] }, { "categories": [ { "kind": "other", "name": "Middle Polish", "parents": [], "source": "w" }, { "kind": "other", "name": "Polish terms with uncertain meaning", "parents": [ "Terms with uncertain meaning", "Terms by usage" ], "source": "w" } ], "glosses": [ "The meaning of this term is uncertain." ], "id": "en-chłop-pl-noun-xvbE2kAR", "raw_glosses": [ "(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain." ], "tags": [ "Middle", "Polish", "masculine", "person" ] } ], "sounds": [ { "ipa": "/xwɔp/" }, { "ipa": "/ˈxɫɔp/", "tags": [ "Middle", "Polish" ] }, { "rhymes": "-ɔp" } ], "wikipedia": [ "pl:Ida Kurcz" ], "word": "chłop" } { "forms": [ { "form": "no-table-tags", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "table-tags" ] }, { "form": "szl-decl-noun", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "inflection-template" ] }, { "form": "chop", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "nominative", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chopy", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "nominative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chopa", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "genitive", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chopōw", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "genitive", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chopowi", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "dative", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chopōm", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "dative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chopa", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "accusative", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chopōw", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "accusative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chopym", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "instrumental", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chopami", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "instrumental", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chopōma", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "instrumental", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chopie", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "locative", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chopach", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "locative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chopie", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "singular", "vocative" ] }, { "form": "chopy", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "plural", "vocative" ] } ], "head_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "m-pr" }, "expansion": "chłop m pers", "name": "szl-noun" } ], "hyphenation": [ "chłop" ], "inflection_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "chop", "10": "chopōm", "11": "chopōw", "12": "chopami/chopōma", "13": "chopach", "14": "chopy", "2": "chopa", "3": "chopowi", "4": "chopa", "5": "chopym", "6": "chopie", "7": "chopie", "8": "chopy", "9": "chopōw" }, "name": "szl-decl-noun" } ], "lang": "Silesian", "lang_code": "szl", "pos": "noun", "senses": [ { "alt_of": [ { "word": "chop" } ], "categories": [ { "kind": "other", "name": "Silesian entries with incorrect language header", "parents": [ "Entries with incorrect language header", "Entry maintenance" ], "source": "w" }, { "kind": "other", "name": "Southern Silesian", "parents": [], "source": "w" } ], "glosses": [ "Alternative form of chop" ], "id": "en-chłop-szl-noun-xKt7WRyg", "links": [ [ "chop", "chop#Silesian" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(Southern Silesian) Alternative form of chop" ], "tags": [ "Silesian", "Southern", "alt-of", "alternative", "masculine", "person" ] } ], "sounds": [ { "ipa": "/ˈxwɔp/" }, { "rhymes": "-ɔp" } ], "word": "chłop" }
{ "categories": [ "Kashubian entries with incorrect language header", "Kashubian lemmas", "Kashubian masculine nouns", "Kashubian nouns", "Kashubian personal nouns", "Kashubian terms derived from Proto-Slavic", "Kashubian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic", "Kashubian terms with IPA pronunciation", "csb:Male people" ], "etymology_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "Inherited" }, "expansion": "Inherited", "name": "glossary" }, { "args": { "1": "csb", "2": "sla-pro", "3": "*xolpъ", "4": "", "5": "", "g": "", "g2": "", "g3": "", "id": "", "lit": "", "nocat": "", "pos": "", "sc": "", "sort": "", "tr": "", "ts": "" }, "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *xolpъ", "name": "inh" }, { "args": { "1": "csb", "2": "sla-pro", "3": "*xolpъ" }, "expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *xolpъ", "name": "inh+" } ], "etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *xolpъ.", "forms": [ { "form": "chłopik", "tags": [ "diminutive" ] }, { "form": "chłopina", "tags": [ "diminutive" ] }, { "form": "chłopiszcze", "tags": [ "augmentative" ] }, { "form": "chłopsczi", "tags": [ "adjective" ] }, { "form": "no-table-tags", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "table-tags" ] }, { "form": "csb-decl-noun", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "inflection-template" ] }, { "form": "chłop", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "nominative", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chłopi", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "nominative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chłopë", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "nominative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chłopa", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "genitive", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chłopów", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "genitive", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chłopù", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "dative", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chłopòwi", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "dative", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chłopóm", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "dative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chłopa", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "accusative", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chłopów", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "accusative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chłopã", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "instrumental", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chłopama", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "instrumental", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chłopie", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "locative", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chłopach", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "locative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chłopie", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "singular", "vocative" ] }, { "form": "chłopi", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "plural", "vocative" ] }, { "form": "chłopë", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "plural", "vocative" ] } ], "head_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "m-pr", "adj": "chłopsczi", "aug": "chłopiszcze", "dim": "chłopik", "dim2": "chłopina" }, "expansion": "chłop m pers (diminutive chłopik or chłopina, augmentative chłopiszcze, related adjective chłopsczi)", "name": "csb-noun" } ], "hyphenation": [ "chłop" ], "inflection_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "chłop", "10": "chłopóm", "11": "chłopów", "12": "chłopama", "13": "chłopach", "14": "chłopi/chłopë", "2": "chłopa", "3": "chłopù/chłopòwi", "4": "chłopa", "5": "chłopã", "6": "chłopie", "7": "chłopie", "8": "chłopi/chłopë", "9": "chłopów" }, "name": "csb-decl-noun" } ], "lang": "Kashubian", "lang_code": "csb", "pos": "noun", "senses": [ { "glosses": [ "man (male human)" ], "links": [ [ "man", "man" ] ], "synonyms": [ { "word": "mąż" } ], "tags": [ "masculine", "person" ] }, { "glosses": [ "husband" ], "links": [ [ "husband", "husband" ] ], "synonyms": [ { "word": "mąż" } ], "tags": [ "masculine", "person" ] } ], "sounds": [ { "ipa": "/ˈxwɔp/" } ], "word": "chłop" } { "categories": [ "Masurian entries with incorrect language header", "Masurian lemmas", "Masurian masculine nouns", "Masurian nouns", "Masurian personal nouns", "Masurian terms derived from Old Polish", "Masurian terms derived from Proto-Slavic", "Masurian terms inherited from Old Polish", "Masurian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic", "Masurian terms with IPA pronunciation", "zlw-mas:Male family members", "zlw-mas:Male people", "zlw-mas:Marriage", "zlw-mas:Occupations" ], "derived": [ { "word": "chłopsiec" } ], "etymology_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "zlw-mas", "2": "sla-pro", "inh": "1" }, "expansion": "", "name": "dercat" }, { "args": { "1": "Inherited" }, "expansion": "Inherited", "name": "glossary" }, { "args": { "1": "zlw-mas", "2": "zlw-opl", "3": "chłop", "4": "", "5": "", "g": "", "g2": "", "g3": "", "id": "", "lit": "", "nocat": "", "pos": "", "sc": "", "sort": "", "tr": "", "ts": "" }, "expansion": "Old Polish chłop", "name": "inh" }, { "args": { "1": "zlw-mas", "2": "zlw-opl", "3": "chłop" }, "expansion": "Inherited from Old Polish chłop", "name": "inh+" } ], "etymology_text": "Inherited from Old Polish chłop.", "head_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "m-pr" }, "expansion": "chłop m pers", "name": "zlw-mas-noun" } ], "hyphenation": [ "chłop" ], "lang": "Masurian", "lang_code": "zlw-mas", "pos": "noun", "senses": [ { "glosses": [ "man (male human)" ], "links": [ [ "man", "man" ] ], "synonyms": [ { "word": "mónz" } ], "tags": [ "masculine", "person" ] }, { "glosses": [ "husband (married male partner)" ], "links": [ [ "husband", "husband" ] ], "synonyms": [ { "word": "mónz" } ], "tags": [ "masculine", "person" ] }, { "glosses": [ "farmer; villager" ], "links": [ [ "farmer", "farmer" ], [ "villager", "villager" ] ], "qualifier": "sometimes collecetive", "raw_glosses": [ "(sometimes collecetive) farmer; villager" ], "tags": [ "masculine", "person" ] } ], "sounds": [ { "ipa": "[ˈxwɔp]" } ], "word": "chłop" } { "categories": [ "Old Polish entries with incorrect language header", "Old Polish lemmas", "Old Polish masculine nouns", "Old Polish nouns", "Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic", "Old Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic", "Old Polish terms with IPA pronunciation", "zlw-opl:Male people" ], "derived": [ { "word": "chłopiec" }, { "word": "chłopię" }, { "word": "chłopowic" } ], "descendants": [ { "depth": 1, "templates": [ { "args": { "1": "zlw-mas", "2": "chłop" }, "expansion": "Masurian: chłop", "name": "desc" } ], "text": "Masurian: chłop" }, { "depth": 1, "templates": [ { "args": { "1": "pl", "2": "chłop" }, "expansion": "Polish: chłop", "name": "desc" } ], "text": "Polish: chłop" }, { "depth": 1, "templates": [ { "args": { "1": "szl", "2": "chop", "alts": "1" }, "expansion": "Silesian: chop, chłop", "name": "desc" } ], "text": "Silesian: chop, chłop" } ], "etymology_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "Inherited" }, "expansion": "Inherited", "name": "glossary" }, { "args": { "1": "zlw-opl", "2": "sla-pro", "3": "*xolpъ", "4": "", "5": "", "g": "", "g2": "", "g3": "", "id": "", "lit": "", "nocat": "", "pos": "", "sc": "", "sort": "", "tr": "", "ts": "" }, "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *xolpъ", "name": "inh" }, { "args": { "1": "zlw-opl", "2": "sla-pro", "3": "*xolpъ" }, "expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *xolpъ", "name": "inh+" }, { "args": { "1": "14th century" }, "expansion": "the 14th century", "name": "etydate/the" }, { "args": { "1": "14th century" }, "expansion": "First attested in the 14th century.", "name": "etydate" } ], "etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *xolpъ. First attested in the 14th century.", "forms": [ { "form": "chłop m animacy unattested", "tags": [ "canonical" ] }, { "form": "chłopi", "tags": [ "adjective" ] } ], "head_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "m-an!", "adj": "chłopi" }, "expansion": "chłop m animacy unattested (related adjective chłopi)", "name": "zlw-opl-noun" } ], "lang": "Old Polish", "lang_code": "zlw-opl", "pos": "noun", "senses": [ { "categories": [ "Old Polish derogatory terms" ], "glosses": [ "peasant" ], "links": [ [ "derogatory", "derogatory" ], [ "peasant", "peasant" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(sometimes derogatory) peasant" ], "tags": [ "derogatory", "sometimes" ] }, { "glosses": [ "man (male human)" ], "links": [ [ "man", "man" ] ], "synonyms": [ { "word": "mężczyzna" } ] } ], "sounds": [ { "ipa": "/xɫɔp/", "note": "10ᵗʰ–15ᵗʰ CE" }, { "ipa": "/xɫɔp/", "note": "15ᵗʰ CE" } ], "word": "chłop" } { "categories": [ "Polish 1-syllable words", "Polish entries with incorrect language header", "Polish lemmas", "Polish links with manual fragments", "Polish links with redundant alt parameters", "Polish links with redundant wikilinks", "Polish masculine nouns", "Polish nouns", "Polish personal nouns", "Polish terms derived from Old Polish", "Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic", "Polish terms inherited from Old Polish", "Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic", "Polish terms with IPA pronunciation", "Polish terms with audio links", "Rhymes:Polish/ɔp", "Rhymes:Polish/ɔp/1 syllable", "pl:Agriculture", "pl:Male people" ], "derived": [ { "word": "chłop w chłopa" }, { "word": "chłopaczy" }, { "word": "chłopi" }, { "word": "chłopski" }, { "word": "baba-chłop" }, { "word": "chłop jak dąb" }, { "word": "chłopak" }, { "word": "chłopeusz" }, { "word": "chłopianka" }, { "word": "chłopiec" }, { "word": "chłopię" }, { "word": "chłopijasz" }, { "word": "chłopina" }, { "word": "chłopisko" }, { "word": "chłopokoń" }, { "word": "chłopomania" }, { "word": "chłoporobotnik" }, { "word": "chłopowina" }, { "word": "chłopstwo" }, { "word": "chłoptaś" }, { "word": "chłoptyś" }, { "word": "chłopyś" }, { "word": "swój chłop" }, { "word": "gówno chłopu, nie zegarek" }, { "tags": [ "imperfective" ], "word": "chłopieć" }, { "tags": [ "perfective" ], "word": "schłopieć" } ], "etymology_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "pl", "2": "sla-pro", "inh": "1" }, "expansion": "", "name": "dercat" }, { "args": { "1": "Inherited" }, "expansion": "Inherited", "name": "glossary" }, { "args": { "1": "pl", "2": "zlw-opl", "3": "chłop", "4": "", "5": "", "g": "", "g2": "", "g3": "", "id": "", "lit": "", "nocat": "", "pos": "", "sc": "", "sort": "", "tr": "", "ts": "" }, "expansion": "Old Polish chłop", "name": "inh" }, { "args": { "1": "pl", "2": "zlw-opl", "3": "chłop" }, "expansion": "Inherited from Old Polish chłop", "name": "inh+" } ], "etymology_text": "Inherited from Old Polish chłop.", "forms": [ { "form": "chłopka", "tags": [ "feminine" ] }, { "form": "chłopek", "tags": [ "diminutive" ] }, { "form": "chłopski", "tags": [ "adjective" ] }, { "form": "no-table-tags", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "table-tags" ] }, { "form": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "inflection-template" ] }, { "form": "chłop", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "nominative", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chłopi", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "nominative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chłopy", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "derogatory", "nominative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chłopa", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "genitive", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chłopów", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "genitive", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chłopu", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "dative", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chłopom", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "dative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chłopa", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "accusative", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chłopów", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "accusative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chłopem", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "instrumental", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chłopami", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "instrumental", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chłopie", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "locative", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chłopach", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "locative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chłopie", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "singular", "vocative" ] }, { "form": "chłopi", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "plural", "vocative" ] } ], "head_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "m-pr", "adj": "chłopski", "dim": "chłopek", "f": "chłopka" }, "expansion": "chłop m pers (female equivalent chłopka, diminutive chłopek, related adjective chłopski)", "name": "pl-noun" } ], "hyphenation": [ "chłop" ], "inflection_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "chło", "2": "p", "dats": "chłopu" }, "name": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr" } ], "lang": "Polish", "lang_code": "pl", "pos": "noun", "related": [ { "word": "antychłopski" }, { "word": "chłopacki" }, { "word": "chłopaczkowaty" }, { "word": "chłopcowaty" }, { "word": "chłopczykowaty" }, { "word": "chłopczyński" }, { "word": "chłopięcy" }, { "word": "chłopomański" }, { "word": "chłoporobotniczy" }, { "word": "chłopczykowo" }, { "word": "chłopięco" } ], "senses": [ { "categories": [ "Polish colloquialisms" ], "glosses": [ "farmer" ], "links": [ [ "farmer", "farmer" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(colloquial) farmer" ], "synonyms": [ { "word": "rolnik" } ], "tags": [ "colloquial", "masculine", "person" ] }, { "categories": [ "Polish colloquialisms" ], "glosses": [ "guy, man" ], "links": [ [ "guy", "guy" ], [ "man", "man" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(colloquial) guy, man" ], "senseid": [ "pl:man" ], "tags": [ "colloquial", "masculine", "person" ] }, { "categories": [ "Polish colloquialisms" ], "glosses": [ "boyfriend (longterm romantic partner)" ], "links": [ [ "boyfriend", "boyfriend" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(colloquial) boyfriend (longterm romantic partner)" ], "tags": [ "colloquial", "masculine", "person" ] }, { "categories": [ "Polish terms with historical senses" ], "glosses": [ "peasant" ], "links": [ [ "peasant", "peasant" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(historical) peasant" ], "synonyms": [ { "word": "włościanin" } ], "tags": [ "historical", "masculine", "person" ] }, { "categories": [ "Polish terms with obsolete senses" ], "glosses": [ "simpleton" ], "links": [ [ "simpleton", "simpleton" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(obsolete) simpleton" ], "synonyms": [ { "word": "cham" }, { "word": "prostak" } ], "tags": [ "masculine", "obsolete", "person" ] }, { "categories": [ "Polish terms with obsolete senses" ], "glosses": [ "husband" ], "links": [ [ "husband", "husband" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(obsolete) husband" ], "synonyms": [ { "word": "mąż" } ], "tags": [ "masculine", "obsolete", "person" ] }, { "categories": [ "Polish terms with obsolete senses" ], "glosses": [ "attaboy; young gay blade" ], "links": [ [ "attaboy", "attaboy" ], [ "young", "young" ], [ "gay blade", "gay blade" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(obsolete) attaboy; young gay blade" ], "synonyms": [ { "word": "chojrak" }, { "word": "chwat" }, { "word": "junak" }, { "word": "śmiałek" }, { "word": "zuch" } ], "tags": [ "masculine", "obsolete", "person" ] }, { "categories": [ "Middle Polish", "pl:Heraldry" ], "glosses": [ "man (representation of a man in a coat of arms)" ], "links": [ [ "heraldry", "heraldry" ], [ "man", "man" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(Middle Polish, heraldry) man (representation of a man in a coat of arms)" ], "tags": [ "Middle", "Polish", "masculine", "person" ], "topics": [ "government", "heraldry", "hobbies", "lifestyle", "monarchy", "nobility", "politics" ] }, { "categories": [ "Middle Polish" ], "glosses": [ "boy; son (male offspring)" ], "links": [ [ "boy", "boy" ], [ "son", "son" ] ], "qualifier": "expressive", "raw_glosses": [ "(Middle Polish, expressive) boy; son (male offspring)" ], "synonyms": [ { "word": "chłopiec" }, { "word": "syn" } ], "tags": [ "Middle", "Polish", "masculine", "person" ] }, { "categories": [ "Middle Polish", "Polish terms with uncertain meaning" ], "glosses": [ "The meaning of this term is uncertain." ], "raw_glosses": [ "(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain." ], "tags": [ "Middle", "Polish", "masculine", "person" ] } ], "sounds": [ { "ipa": "/xwɔp/" }, { "ipa": "/ˈxɫɔp/", "tags": [ "Middle", "Polish" ] }, { "rhymes": "-ɔp" } ], "wikipedia": [ "pl:Ida Kurcz" ], "word": "chłop" } { "forms": [ { "form": "no-table-tags", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "table-tags" ] }, { "form": "szl-decl-noun", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "inflection-template" ] }, { "form": "chop", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "nominative", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chopy", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "nominative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chopa", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "genitive", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chopōw", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "genitive", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chopowi", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "dative", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chopōm", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "dative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chopa", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "accusative", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chopōw", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "accusative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chopym", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "instrumental", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chopami", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "instrumental", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chopōma", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "instrumental", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chopie", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "locative", "singular" ] }, { "form": "chopach", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "locative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "chopie", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "singular", "vocative" ] }, { "form": "chopy", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "plural", "vocative" ] } ], "head_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "m-pr" }, "expansion": "chłop m pers", "name": "szl-noun" } ], "hyphenation": [ "chłop" ], "inflection_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "chop", "10": "chopōm", "11": "chopōw", "12": "chopami/chopōma", "13": "chopach", "14": "chopy", "2": "chopa", "3": "chopowi", "4": "chopa", "5": "chopym", "6": "chopie", "7": "chopie", "8": "chopy", "9": "chopōw" }, "name": "szl-decl-noun" } ], "lang": "Silesian", "lang_code": "szl", "pos": "noun", "senses": [ { "alt_of": [ { "word": "chop" } ], "categories": [ "Rhymes:Silesian/ɔp", "Rhymes:Silesian/ɔp/1 syllable", "Silesian entries with incorrect language header", "Silesian lemmas", "Silesian masculine nouns", "Silesian nouns", "Silesian personal nouns", "Silesian terms with IPA pronunciation", "Southern Silesian" ], "glosses": [ "Alternative form of chop" ], "links": [ [ "chop", "chop#Silesian" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(Southern Silesian) Alternative form of chop" ], "tags": [ "Silesian", "Southern", "alt-of", "alternative", "masculine", "person" ] } ], "sounds": [ { "ipa": "/ˈxwɔp/" }, { "rhymes": "-ɔp" } ], "word": "chłop" }
{ "called_from": "form_descriptions/1147", "msg": "suspicious related form tags ['canonical']: 'chłop m animacy unattested' in 'chłop m animacy unattested (related adjective chłopi)'", "path": [ "chłop" ], "section": "Old Polish", "subsection": "noun", "title": "chłop", "trace": "" }
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-04 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (e9e0a99 and db5a844). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.